Ama-microorganisms we-Pathogenic angama-microorganisms angahlasela umzimba womuntu, abangele izifo ngisho nezifo ezithathelwanayo, noma amagciwane.Phakathi kwamagciwane, amabhaktheriya namagciwane yiwona ayingozi kakhulu.

Ukutheleleka kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokugula nokufa kwabantu.Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukutholakala kwemithi elwa namagciwane kwashintsha imithi yesimanje, kwanikeza abantu “isikhali” sokulwa nezifo, futhi kwenza ukuba kube nokuhlinzwa, ukufakelwa izitho zomzimba, nokwelashwa komdlavuza.Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane abangela izifo ezithathelwanayo, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, isikhunta namanye ama-microorganisms.Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono ukuhlonzwa nokwelashwa kwezifo ezehlukene, nokuvikela impilo yabantu

Impilo idinga amasu okuhlola ezempilo anembe kakhudlwana futhi asheshayo.Ngakho-ke buyini ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwe-microbiological?

01 Indlela yendabuko yokuthola

Enqubweni yokutholwa kwendabuko yama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, iningi lawo lidinga ukungcoliswa, ukukhuliswa, futhi ukuhlonza kwezinto eziphilayo kwenziwa ngalesi sisekelo, ukuze kubonakale izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-microorganisms, futhi inani lokuthola liphezulu.Izindlela zokubona zendabuko ikakhulukazi zifaka i-smear microscopy, isiko lokuhlukanisa kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesiko lamaseli ezicubu.

1 Smear microscopy

Ama-microorganisms e-Pathogenic mancane ngosayizi futhi amaningi awanambala futhi ayashintshashintsha.Ngemva kokuwagcoba, angasetshenziswa ukubuka usayizi wawo, ukwakheka kwawo, ukuhlelwa kwawo, njll. ngosizo lwesibonakhulu.Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwe-smear staining microscopic kulula futhi kuyashesha, futhi kusasebenza kulezo zifo ezincane ze-pathogenic ezinezinhlobo ezikhethekile, njenge-gonococcal infection, isifo sofuba i-Mycobacterium, ukutheleleka kwe-spirochetal, njll. ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa kokuqala.Indlela yokuhlola i-photomicroscopic eqondile iyashesha, futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwamagciwane ngamafomu akhethekile.Ayidingi amathuluzi akhethekile kanye nemishini.Kuseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthola i-pathogenic microorganism kuma-laboratories ayisisekelo.

2 Isiko lokuhlukanisa kanye nokusabela kwe-biochemical

Isiko lokuhlukanisa lisetshenziswa kakhulu uma kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya futhi eyodwa yazo idinga ukuhlukaniswa.Isetshenziswa kakhulu kusikhwehlela, indle, igazi, uketshezi lomzimba, njll. Ngenxa yokuthi amagciwane akhula futhi ande isikhathi eside, le ndlela yokuhlola idinga isikhathi esithile., Futhi ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa ngamaqoqo, ngakho-ke inkambu yezokwelapha iqhubekile nokwenza ucwaningo kulokhu, isebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okuzenzakalelayo nokokuhlonza ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokuqeqesha zendabuko kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunemba kokutholwa.

3 Isiko lamaseli ezicubu

Amaseli ezicubu ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa i-chlamydia, amagciwane, nama-rickettsiae.Njengoba izinhlobo zamangqamuzana ezicubu kumagciwane ahlukene zihlukile, ngemva kokuba izicubu zisusiwe kuma-microorganisms e-pathogenic, amangqamuzana aphilayo kufanele akhuliswe yi-subculture.Ama-microorganisms atshaliwe e-pathogenic afakwa kumaseli wezicubu ukuze alinywe ukuze kuncishiswe izinguquko ze-cell pathological ngangokunokwenzeka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlelweni lokuhlakulela amangqamuzana ezicubu, ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic angafakwa ngokuqondile ezilwaneni ezibucayi, bese kuthi izici ze-pathogen zihlolwe ngokuvumelana nezinguquko zezicubu nezitho zezilwane.

02 Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola izakhi zofuzo

Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinga lobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha emhlabeni, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwamangqamuzana ebhayoloji, obungakwazi ukuhlonza ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, futhi kungathuthukisa isimo samanje sokusetshenziswa kwezici zangaphandle ze-morphological kanye ne-physiological kunqubo yokutholwa kwendabuko, futhi kungasebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ezihlukile Ukulandelana kwengcezu kukhomba izinhlobo ze-pathogenic biological pathology esetshenziswa emkhakheni wokuhlolwa kwe-pathogenic microorganisms esetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wezofuzo wezokwelapha.

1 I-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

I-Polymerase chain reaction (i-Polymerase Chain Reaction, i-PCR) yindlela esebenzisa ama-primers e-oligonucleotide awaziwayo ukuze iqondise futhi ikhulise inani elincane locezu lofuzo oluzohlolwa esiqeshini esingaziwa se-vitro.Ngenxa yokuthi i-PCR ingakhulisa isakhi sofuzo esizohlolwa, ifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukuhlonzwa kusenesikhathi kokutheleleka kwe-pathogen, kodwa uma ama-primers engaqondile, ingase ibangele amanga.Ubuchwepheshe be-PCR buye bathuthuka ngokushesha eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, futhi ukwethembeka kwabo kuye kwathuthuka kancane kancane kusukela ekwandiseni izakhi zofuzo ukuya ekuhlanganiseni izakhi zofuzo kanye nokuguqulwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kofuzo.Le ndlela futhi iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthola i-coronavirus entsha kulolu bhubhane.

I-Foregene ithuthukise ikhithi ye-RT-PCR esekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-Direct PCR, ukuze kutholwe izakhi zofuzo ezingu-2 ezivamile, izakhi zofuzo ezingu-3, ​​nokuhluka okuvela e-UK, Brazil, South Africa, nase-India, uhlu lozalo lwe-B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 uhlu (ZA), B.1.617 uhlu (IND) kanye no-P.1 uhlu (BR), ngokulandelana.

2 Ubuchwepheshe be-Gene chip

Ubuchwepheshe be-gene chip bubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-microarray ukunamathisela izingcezwana ze-DNA eziminyene kakhulu endaweni eqinile efana nolwelwesi lwengilazi namashidi engilazi ngendlela ethile noma ngohlelo ngamarobhothi anesivinini esiphezulu noma i-in-situ synthesis.Ngama-DNA probe abhalwe ngama-isotopes noma ama-fluorescence, futhi ngosizo lomgomo we-base complementary hybridization, inani elikhulu lamasu okucwaninga afana nokuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokuqapha kuye kwenziwa.Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-gene chip ekuxilongeni ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic kunganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuxilongwa.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakwazi futhi ukubona ukuthi i-pathogen inokumelana nezidakamizwa yini, yimiphi imithi ekwazi ukumelana nayo, nokuthi yimiphi imithi ezwelayo, ukuze inikeze izinkomba zemithi yomtholampilo.Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokukhiqiza lobu buchwepheshe ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukuzwela kokutholwa kwe-chip kudinga ukuthuthukiswa.Ngakho-ke, lobu buchwepheshe busasetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri futhi abukasetshenziswa kabanzi emisebenzini yomtholampilo.

3 Ubuchwepheshe be-Nucleic acid hybridization

I-Nucleic acid hybridization iyinqubo lapho imicu eyodwa yama-nucleotide enokulandelana okuhambisanayo kuma-microorganisms e-pathogenic ahlangana emangqamuzaneni akhe ama-heteroduplexes.Isici esiholela ekuhlanganiseni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-nucleic acid kanye nama-probes ukuhlonza ama-pathogenic microorganisms.Njengamanje, amasu okuphinda anqamule ama-nucleic acid asetshenziswa ukuthola amagciwane e-pathogenic ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa i-nucleic acid in situ hybridization kanye ne-membrane blot hybridization.I-Nucleic acid in situ hybridization ibhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kwama-nucleic acid kumaseli e-pathogen anama-probe anelebula.Ukuxutshwa kwe-Membrane blot kusho ukuthi ngemva kokuba umhloli ehlukanise i-nucleic acid yengqamuzana le-pathogen, iyahlanzwa futhi ihlanganiswe nokwesekwa okuqinile, bese ihlanganiswa ne-accounting probe.Ubuchwepheshe be-accounting hybridization bunobuhle bokusebenza okulula nokusheshayo, futhi bufanele ama-microorganisms azwelayo futhi anenhloso.

03 Ukuhlolwa kwe-serological

Ukuhlolwa kwe-serological kungakhomba ngokushesha ama-microorganisms we-pathogenic.Umgomo oyisisekelo wobuchwepheshe bokuhlola i-serological ukuthola amagciwane ngama-antigen aziwayo namasosha omzimba.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli endabuko namasiko, izinyathelo zokusebenza zokuhlolwa kwe-serological zilula.Izindlela zokuhlonza ezivame ukusetshenziswa zifaka ukuhlolwa kwe-latex agglutination kanye nobuchwepheshe be-enzyme-linked immunoassay.Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-enzyme-linked immunoassay kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzwela kanye nokucaciswa kokuhlolwa kwe-serological.Ayikwazi nje ukubona i-antigen kusampula yokuhlola, kodwa futhi ibona ingxenye ye-antibody.

NgoSepthemba 2020, i-Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) yakhipha imihlahlandlela yokuhlolwa kwe-serological ukuze kutholwe i-COVID-19.

04 Ukuhlolwa kwe-immunological

Ukutholwa kwe-Immunological kubizwa nangokuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ubuhlalu be-immunomagnetic.Lobu buchwepheshe bungahlukanisa amagciwane e-pathogenic kanye ne-non-pathogenic kumagciwane.Isimiso esiyisisekelo sithi: ukusetshenziswa kwama-microspheres obuhlalu kazibuthe ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-antigen eyodwa noma izinhlobo eziningi zamagciwane athile.Ama-antigen aqoqwe ndawonye, ​​futhi amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic ahlukaniswa namagciwane ngokusabela komzimba we-antigen kanye nensimu yangaphandle yamagnetic.

Ukutholwa kwe-pathogen hotspots-ukutholwa kwe-pathogen yokuphefumula

“Ikhithi yokutholwa kwebhaktheriya ye-pathogenic yesistimu yokuphefumula engu-Foregene” isathuthukiswa.Ikhithi ingathola izinhlobo eziyi-15 zamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic esikhwehlela ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlanza i-nucleic acid esikhwehlela.Mayelana nokusebenza kahle, ifinyeza izinsuku ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-5 zangempela ziye emahoreni angu-1.5.